Kuleshov Effect - audience creating meaning out of 2 shots put together
Discontinuity editing:
Intellectual Montage - the coming together of two things creates a third meaning.
Combining shots that are depicted - single in meaning, neutral in content - into intellectual contexts and series.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtnTs90knro
"A series of images can, when correctly composed by the filmmaker and then interpreted by the viewer, produce an abstract concept not strictly present in each of the composite images."
http://offscreen.com/view/eisenstein_intellectual_montage_poststructuralism_and_ideology
Example:
Tonal Montage - put together two or more shots of tonally connected things to build up an impression with a tonal continuity.
"Relies predominantly on the emotional integrity of the shot. Tonal Montage draws from the same thread for one sequence, creating one whole emotional tone throughout the sequence. " - http://limitedfuss.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/editing-tonal-montage-eisenstein.html
Cutting according to the emotional tone of the piece. Tone = any visual or aural characteristic that two different shots could share in common.
E.g. In The Revenant character's warm breath in the cold atmosphere creates a fog. Then cuts to foggy atmosphere. Shots have the same tone.
Can also use geographical tonality, light tonality, aural tonality etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtnTs90knro
A tonal montage uses the emotional meaning of the shots. Not just manipulating the temporal length of the cuts or its rhythmical characteristics. The point of this is to elicit a reaction that is more complex than Rhythmic and Metric.
http://veracity24.tumblr.com/post/39686928799
Metric Montage - a constant duration - the shots are a certain length e.g. shower scene in Psycho
Cutting according to exact measurement; irregardless of content.
Eisenstein sites the patriotic demonstration in The End of St Petersberg as an example - the cuts are made irregardless of the individual content but rather to create a sense of chaos with the gun fire and explosions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtnTs90knro
Where the editing follows a specific number of frames, this is based purely on the physical nature of time, cutting to the next shot no matter what is happening within the image. The reason for this is to get an emotional reaction from the audience.
http://veracity24.tumblr.com/post/39686928799
Rhythmic Montage - cutting to music is an example of rhythmic montage.
Also referred to as continuity editing. Cutting according to the content of the shots.
The physical length of each shot may suggest a rhythm or pattern to the montage; however, the tempo of the action within the frame should also be considered. The rhythm of the montage may conflict with the rhythm of movement within the frame, hence generating tension.
An example of rhythmic montage is the famous 'Odessa steps sequence' in The Battleship Potemkin (1925). This particular sequence is of a baby carriage rolling down a series of stairs in the midst of warfare. The sound of soldiers marching and gunpowder filled the air and there was nothing anybody could do to stop the carriage. The duration of each shot created tension along with the unsynchronized marching of the soldiers' feet.
http://limitedfuss.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/editing-rhythmic-montage-eisenstein.html
The cutting happens for the sake of continuity. This creates visual continuity but it may also be used in order to keep with the pace of the film.
http://veracity24.tumblr.com/post/39686928799
Example:
Overtonal Montage - a combination of tonal, metric and rhythmic montage.
Cutting according to the various tones and overtones of the shots.
"From the moment that overtones can be heard parallel with the basic sound, there also can be sensed vibrations, oscillations that cease to impress as tones, but rather as purely physical displacements of the perceived impression." - S. Eisenstein.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtnTs90knro
An accumulation of metric, rhythmic, and tonal montage to synthesise its effect on the audience for an even more abstract and complicated effect.
http://veracity24.tumblr.com/post/39686928799
This video sets out examples of all the different kinds of montage:
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